Yes, that’s the end result. But there are two colors overlaid on top of each other: corona (top gradient) & core (bottom gradient).

On the top gradient there appears to be a greenish area between yellow and desaturated cyan, which I can’t really explain.

Doubtful, because it’s complex to re-render (and I’ve changed the camera perspective in CIU, so I can’t reuse CI4)
The collision are used for lightning is different than your spacecraft, so it’s possible. Plus, things are in constant motion, so missing a collision on one frame doesn’t guarantee that you’ll also miss it on the next frame.
I can’t say. I haven’t been able to replicate the problem.
That is a difficult and extensive change.
Making the game disappear would look strange (especially for people who were participating and got disconnected). But I’m on the fence about this.